How to Obtain an Archaeological Excavation License in Nigeria (2025 Complete Guide)

Archaeology in Nigeria is more than just digging up the past, it’s about preserving the nation’s cultural heritage for future generations. However, before you can lift a trowel or set up an excavation trench, you need official approval. That approval comes in the form of an Archaeological Excavation License, issued by the National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM) in partnership with the relevant State Government.

This comprehensive guide explains how to obtain an Archaeological Excavation License in Nigeria, with clear steps, requirements, timelines, FAQs, and practical tips to help researchers, institutions, and consultants navigate the process.

Why You Need an Archaeological Excavation License in Nigeria

Under Nigerian law, no person or institution is permitted to excavate or search for antiquities without a license from the NCMM. The NCMM Act empowers the Commission to regulate, supervise, and preserve all archaeological work. Excavating without approval is illegal and can lead to:

• Seizure of all recovered objects

• Criminal prosecution

• Permanent blacklisting from future permits

Simply put, getting licensed is not optional, it’s mandatory.

Who Issues the License?

The National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM) is the official body responsible for:

• Issuing permits for archaeological excavation

• Supervising fieldwork across Nigeria

• Ensuring all discoveries are properly curated and preserved

Additionally, the State Government where the excavation will take place must grant consent before NCMM issues a permit. This dual approval system ensures both federal and state oversight.

Legal Basis

The authority comes from the NCMM Act, which states:

• No excavation or search for antiquities without NCMM authorisation.

• State Government consent is a prerequisite.

• All discoveries made belong under the custody and oversight of NCMM.

This means land ownership does not give excavation rights—even if you own the land, you must still apply for a license.

Step-by-Step Guide: How to Obtain an Archaeological Excavation License in Nigeria

Here is a practical roadmap:

Step 1: Prepare Your Project Proposal

• Define research objectives, methodology, and timeline.

• Secure institutional backing (university, research institute, or NGO).

• Draft a detailed Research Design.

Step 2: Secure Landowner Permission

If excavating on private land, obtain written consent from the landowner. For public land, secure authorisation from the relevant authority.

Step 3: Obtain State Government Consent

Apply to the State Government where the site is located. Attach your research design and project details. This approval is mandatory under the NCMM Act.

Step 4: Contact the NCMM

Engage the NCMM early to discuss your project. Submit a pre-application inquiry to avoid mistakes and clarify requirements.

Step 5: Prepare Your Application Package

Include:

• Cover letter to NCMM Chairman

• Research design

• CVs of team members

• Institutional support letter

• Site map/coordinates

• State consent letter

• Landowner consent (if private land)

• Curation plan for discovered objects

Step 6: Submit Application to NCMM

Send your full package to NCMM headquarters or the designated regional office.

Step 7: Review & Site Inspection

NCMM reviews your documents and may visit the site. Expect follow-up requests for clarification.

Step 8: License Issuance

If approved, NCMM issues your excavation license with conditions, covering duration, site restrictions, monitoring, and reporting obligations.

Step 9: Fieldwork & Reporting

• Conduct excavation strictly under NCMM guidelines.

• Submit interim and final reports.

• Transfer finds to NCMM or an approved curation facility.

Application Checklist (Table)

Timeline

• Pre-application discussion: 2–4 weeks

• State consent process: 1–3 months (varies by State)

• NCMM review & approval: 1–3 months

• Total expected time: 3–6 months

Costs

The NCMM does not publish a fixed fee schedule online for excavation permits. Instead, costs are communicated directly during the application process. Typical costs may include:

• Processing/permit fee (officially invoiced by NCMM)

• Supervision/monitoring fees (if NCMM assigns archaeologists)

• Curation costs (for storing artifacts in museums)

⚠️ Important: Always pay only to NCMM official accounts and request official receipts.

After Approval: Your Obligations

• Conduct excavation only as permitted.

• Allow NCMM monitoring on site.

• Report discoveries and submit final reports.

• Transfer finds to NCMM custody.

• Maintain transparency with communities and stakeholders.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Skipping State consent – delays or rejection.

• Incomplete research design – causes resubmission.

• No curation plan – application considered incomplete.

• Paying unofficial fees – leads to fraud risks.

FAQs on Archaeological Excavation Licenses in Nigeria

Q1: Can foreigners apply for excavation permits?
Yes, but they must collaborate with a Nigerian institution and comply with NCMM rules.

Q2: How long is a license valid?
Usually tied to project duration, often one field season, with possible renewal.

Q3: Who owns artifacts found?
All finds are under NCMM’s authority, not the applicant’s personal property.

Q4: Can excavation start before approval?
No—doing so is illegal and punishable.

Q5: What if the project spans multiple states?
You will need consent from each State Government concerned, plus NCMM approval.

Common Misconceptions (Debunked)

• “Owning the land gives me excavation rights.” False — NCMM approval is still required.

• “Small test pits don’t need permits.” False — all excavations fall under NCMM Act.

• “Permit fees are fixed online.” False — fees are communicated directly by NCMM.

Final Checklist Before You Apply

• Research design ready

• Institutional support secured

• Landowner consent obtained

• State Government consent applied for

• Curation plan completed

• Budget confirmed

• All documents compiled

Conclusion

Obtaining an Archaeological Excavation License in Nigeria is a structured but achievable process. The keys are early planning, securing State consent, preparing a strong research design, and maintaining open communication with NCMM. By following the steps in this guide, you will not only meet all legal obligations but also contribute to safeguarding Nigeria’s priceless cultural heritage.